Underground Railroad Facts About the Secret Network

The Underground Railroad was the name given to a loose network of activists which helped escaped slaves from the American South find lives of freedom in northern states or across the international border in Canada. The term was coined by abolitionist William Still. There was no official membership in the organization, and while specific networks did exist and have been documented, the term is often loosely used to describe anyone who helped escaped slaves. Members might range from former slaves to prominent abolitionists to ordinary citizens who would spontaneously help the cause. Because the Underground Railroad was a secretive organization which existed to thwart federal laws against helping escaped slaves, it kept no records. In the years following the Civil War, some major figures in the Underground Railroad revealed themselves and told their stories. But the history of the organization has been often shrouded in mystery. Beginnings of the Underground Railroad The term Underground Railroad first began to appear in the 1840s, but efforts by free blacks and sympathetic whites to help slaves escape bondage had occurred earlier. Historians have noted that groups of Quakers in the North, most notably in the area near Philadelphia, developed a tradition of helping escaped slaves. And Quakers who had moved from Massachusetts to North Carolina began helping slaves travel to freedom in the North as early as the 1820s and 1830s. A North Carolina Quaker, Levi Coffin, was greatly offended by slavery and moved to Indiana in the mid-1820s. He eventually organized a network in Ohio and Indiana that helped slaves who had managed to leave slave territory by crossing the Ohio River. Coffins organization generally helped the escaped slaves move onward to Canada. Under the British rule of Canada, they could not be captured and returned to slavery in the American South. A prominent figure associated with the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman, who escaped from slavery in Maryland in the late 1840s. She returned two years later to help some of her relatives escape. Throughout the 1850s she made at least a dozen journeys back to the South and helped at least 150 slaves escape. Tubman demonstrated great bravery in her work, as she faced death if captured in the South. The Reputation of the Underground Railroad By the early 1850s, stories about the shadowy organization were not uncommon in newspapers. For instance, a small article in the New York Times of November 26, 1852, claimed that slaves in Kentucky were daily escaping to Ohio, and by the Underground Railroad, to Canada. In northern papers, the shadowy network was often portrayed as a heroic endeavor. In the South, stories of slaves being helped to escape were portrayed quite differently. In the mid-1830s, a campaign by the northern abolitionists in which anti-slavery pamphlets were mailed to southern cities infuriated southerners. The pamphlets were burned in the streets, and northerners who were seen as meddling in the southern way of life were threatened with arrest or even death. Against that backdrop, the Underground Railroad was considered a criminal enterprise. To many in the South, the idea of helping slaves escape was viewed as a dastardly attempt to overturn a way of life and potentially instigate slave revolts. With both sides of the slavery debate referring so often to the Underground Railroad, the organization appeared to be much larger and far more organized than it actually could have been. It is difficult to know for certain how many escaped slaves were actually helped. It has been estimated that perhaps a thousand slaves a year reached free territory and were then helped to move onward to Canada. Operations of the Underground Railroad While Harriet Tubman actually ventured into the South to help slaves escape, most operations of the Underground Railroad took place in the free states of the North. Laws concerning fugitive slaves required that they are returned to their owners, so those who helped them in the North were essentially subverting federal laws. Most of the slaves who were helped were from the upper South, slave states such as Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky. It was, of course, far more difficult for slaves from farther south to travel the greater distances to reach free territory in Pennsylvania or Ohio. In the lower South, slave patrols often moved about on the roads, looking for blacks who were traveling. If a slave was caught without a pass from their owner, they would typically be captured and returned.   In a typical scenario, a slave who reached free territory would be hidden and escorted northward without attracting attention. At households and farms along the way the fugitive slaves would be fed and sheltered. At times an escaped slave would be given help in what was essentially a spontaneous nature, hidden in farm wagons or aboard boats sailing on rivers.   There was always a danger that an escaped slave could be captured in the North and returned to slavery in the South, where they might face punishment that could include whippings or torture.   There are many legends today about houses and farms that were Underground Railroad stations. Some of those stories are undoubtedly true, but they are often difficult to verify as the activities of the Underground Railroad were necessarily secret at the time.

South And The Ghetto Of The North - 918 Words

The United States has always been a country that has functioned on the basis of capitalism and focused on economic gains and stability. The reproduction of the slave system seems to be inextricably connected to race in America, as well as underlying political, social and legal systems that operate in society. Multiple scholars have noted that the social world that is existent today is a result of the economic agenda that is concentrated in politics. The carceral state alone reveals how African Americans in the United States are caught in the institutions that dictate and extort their identities in order to contribute to a system that is set up for their downfall. From slavery, Jim Crow in the south and the ghetto of the north, to the Hyperghetto and prison system of today, the United States has operated through different forms of labor from different, dominant social types that range from slaves to lowly skilled workers to criminals. In order to change the capitalist system that crea tes loopholes that ensure the imprisonment and lack of fundamental rights and resources for African Americans, it is important to analyze and consider the prison and convict leasing systems, prison abolition and blackness as criminality as a whole. Often there is an underlying assumption that criminal activity solely comes from the African American community. Historically, African Americans have had stereotypes attributed to them on the basis of their skin color, which includes being perceivedShow MoreRelatedHistorical And Contemporary Of Ghetto1582 Words   |  7 PagesGhetto, the word so frequently and severely misused due to the lack of attention to its historical and social contexts. A word with a bevy of associations due to some of the characteristics of a ghetto. 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This problemRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans1217 Words   |  5 Pagesvery present in our country, especially stereotypes towards African-Americans. For the longest time, like it has been instilled as a fact in my brain, black people have been directly related to the words â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"hood†. I don’t remember a time where I actually can remember the words â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"hood† without the picture in my mind of an African-American person. I think that this is a big problem in today’s society because it is not true but still seems to be taught. 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Anthropology Free Essays

â€Å"From ruttier to rummies: A Contribution toward the Ethnography of Peeling. † In Cultural Anthropology: A Sampler. Up. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology or any similar topic only for you Order Now :19-22. 2. Elliot Rolling objectives for the article were to observe male urinating behaviors In public restrooms. I believe he did meet his objectives because he was able to observe them Pee. 3. As stated before, the method that Rings used to research his topic was to observe males urinate. I feel Like watching people pee could make people uncomfortable, mad, or actually elate their privacy. Although, the only way to actually understand the culture behind males urinating is to actually observe their behaviors so I think that his method was inappropriate but necessary. 4. The author’s findings started off not in the bathroom, but actually led up to why a male goes into the bathroom. While in a social group, one must withdraw themselves from the group by some sort of excuse or statement like saying, â€Å"l have to go to the bathroom. † He further discusses that bathrooms could also be used as a social setting. For example, in high school hanging UT in the hall ways was not allowed, yet if students met up in the bathrooms, they could hangout and talk without the disturbance of a teacher. Going on, he discovers that â€Å"peeing is the activity primarily intended by†¦ Males†. He discovers that men prefer to have there own personal space of one urinal to the left and right. This becomes violated when one another know each other. Another key fact that Rings realizes is that during the act of peeing, one must look forward and keep they’re eyes to themselves. If one was to look at another man, this might â€Å"invite the suspicion of nonsexual interest. † Also, he notices the â€Å"shaking of the penis† to get the last drops out, even though no matter how much shaking you do, when you finish up and walk out the bathroom, the last drops of pee come out and onto your pants. He concludes that Americans value three things: privacy, masculinity, and cool. And infers that â€Å"elimination patters are intimately linked with a cultures system of values. † 5. I think that the significance of the work is trying to understand how people learn the etiquette of using the bathroom without formally being taught. In class we learned bout ethnography, which is the description of a culture through an observer. In the article, a man was observing males Pee. 6. I evaluate this work as an Interesting topic because many people would not think twice about the fact that there was so much that went Into public etiquette. If I were conducting this experiment I would have test subject stand at certain urinals and see which urinals random strangers would consistently use to get better and accurate Information. Anthropology By agrarian 2 October 2013 1. Orrin Elliot 1975 â€Å"From Ruttier to Rummies: A Contribution toward the Ethnography of Peeing. In Cultural Anthropology: A Sampler. Up. Elliot Rings objectives for the article were to observe male urinating behaviors in public restrooms. I believe he did feel like watching people pee could make people uncomfortable, mad, or actually realizes is that during the act of peeing, one must look forward and keep they’re eyes article, a man was observing males Pee. 6. I evaluate this work as an interesting topic that went into public etiquette. If I were conducting this experiment I would have test consistently use to get better and accurate information. How to cite Anthropology, Papers Anthropology Free Essays ANTH100 Assignment 1 Heather Hartwig American Military University October 21, 2012 Assignment 1 1) Discuss what evolution is in terms of physical anthropology. Evolution refers to â€Å"change over time†. In terms of physical anthropology, evolution is changes over time in living organisms. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that living things have passed their traits from one generation to the next. There are very little changes that occur with each generation, but over time these changes accumulate in each living organism. It is believed that all life on Earth has common ancestry that lived more than 3. 5 billions of years ago (Park, 2008). 2) Define evolution. Evolution is defined as the idea or scientific theory that was proposed by Charles Darwin. Darwin believed that all species changed and evolved by natural selection from the same common ancestors. Evolution simply means that a species undergoes genetic change over time. Over many generations a species can evolve into something different. These changes take place because of changes in DNA, which originated as mutations. Not all species evolve at the same rate. The theory of evolution does not prove that species will constantly evolve or how fast the species will change when it does (Park, 2008). 3) Discuss what a physical anthropologist may examine/investigate in order to study evolution. Paleoanthropology is a branch of paleontology that falls under physical anthropology. Paleoanthropologists study extinct primates and fossils. They use these examinations to further investigate the evolution of humans. They examine ancient humans, like the anthropoids. Anthropoids are considered humans closest relative and have been linked to human evolution (Coyne, 2009). 4) Discuss ‘how’ a physical anthropologist would study your answer for Q3 and why it is helpful for studying evolution. Paleoanthropologists are able to study evolution by examining fossils and ancient humans. They do this by investigating the fossil record and continue to make additions all the time. The first identifiable multicellular organism formed about 585 million years ago. The earliest fossil of the primate can go back before the extinction of the dinosaur over 65 million years ago. Bones and teeth were discovered in Montana and Wyoming (Park, 2008). Even though there was primate like evidence before the dinosaur extinction, (Shipman, 2012). 5) Find at least one outside source related to your answer for Q3 and Q4 (e. g. the genome project for DNA- do not use this example in your paper since it is provided for you). My outside source for questions 3 and 4 is a journal by Pat Shipman titled Fossils. This journal was published in The New Scientist Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16. 6) Briefly describe the source and how is it helpful for examining/investigating evolution. It is a journal that discusses fossils of early life and evolution. It gives facts and information pertaining to the timelines, type and the formation of fossils. 7) Choose a second subfield of anthropology – cultural, linguistic, or archaeology. I chose Archaeology as my second subfield of anthropology. 8) Discuss how an anthropologist in this subfield would study evolution. Park defines archaeology as a subfield of anthropology that studies the past culture of humans and reconstructs the past cultural systems that existed. He goes on to say that they study cultures and people that are no longer living (Park, 2008). Archaeology reconstructs past cultural systems. Archaeology began as a method of identifying places and objects that were already known from historical records. It has become a very resourceful means of discovering new information not only about the historical period but also about years beyond the reach of written investigational facts. The purpose of archaeology is not only to recover ancient artifacts but to identify the relationship that these objects may have had with early human life. It also shows how early human primates and modern humans are closely related. 9) Discuss what an anthropologist from your chosen subfield may examine/investigate in order to study evolution. Archaeologists have investigated fossils and remains of early humans and primates to show how human posture has changed over the years. The information that has been collected shows us a timeline of how much we have evolved since the discovery of the earliest human remains (Park, 2008). 10) Discuss ‘how’ an anthropologist from your chosen subfield would study your answer for Q9, and why it is helpful for studying evolution. Archaeologists have reconstructed human and primate remains that they have discovered to show how closely we are related to each other. They have used the information that they discovered to prove that humans have evolved from and can be compared to the primate species. Compared to earlier species, modern humans have evolved into a more upright species. Early humans were found to have a more curved posture (Palmer, 2010). The archaeological information that is recorded proves that there is another explanation for our species other than what is believed by many. The Bible teaches that we were created by God. However, archaeologists make a strong case that contradicts what the Bible teaches. 11) Find at least one outside source related to your answer for Q9 and Q10. My source for questions 9 and 10 is Origins Human Evolution Revealed by Douglas Palmer. 2) Briefly describe the source and how is it helpful for examining/investigating evolutionThis book goes into detail on the story of the origins of the human species. It goes into detail about the journey of apes and humans. It compares and contrasts the differences as well as the similarities between early human species and the modern human species. 13) Discuss how the study of evolution between physic al anthropology and your chosen subfield compare and contrast. Paleoanthropology and archaeology go hand in hand, because they both study fossils, extinct primates and the remains of early humans. They generally work together when investigating a site where artifacts have been discovered. The team work and information that is provided between paleoanthropology and archaeology gives us a better understanding of how humans have evolved into the modern species that we are today. 14) Conclude by discussing one new piece of information you learned about evolution. The one piece of information that I have learned about evolution is that I cannot solely base my understanding of how the human species became based off of my beliefs from the Bible. I understand now that scientific research has given factual information on how humans can and have evolved from ancient remains of primates and early humans. I will maintain that I believe that God did create us to an extent. However, I think that his creations have continued to evolve into the species that are here on earth today. References Palmer, Douglas. 2010. Origins human evolution revealed. Octopus Books, USA. New York, NY. Park, Michael A. 2008. Introducing anthropology an integrated approach. Fourth edition. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. Shipman, Pat. 2012. Fossils. The new scientist. Vol. 215, Issue 2876, p. 8-16. How to cite Anthropology, Papers Anthropology Free Essays Anthropology is the scientific study of humans as social organisms and how they interact with each other in a social gathering or community set up. It entails the study of humans past, present and evolution of the cultural, physical stature, linguistic traits and archaeology. An anthropologist interest lies in comprehending human diversity and way of life in an explicit manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The four main branches of anthropology which include biological, cultural, archaeology and linguistic clearly elaborate what it entails to be human (Lavenda-2013). Biological anthropology talks of how the evolution of humans is genetically influenced and not enhanced by the surroundings. Cultural anthropology is centered on the study of structural system of individuals sharing a common belief or norm. Linguistic anthropology majorly revolves round the psychology of speech, structure and function in humans. Lastly, archaeology is based on the systematic revealing of fossils through excavation, dating the fossils to determine the period of usage and analysis. Anthropology mainly seeks to familiarize the unfamiliar with proven facts and provide knowledge that deciphers facts from fiction.Cultural anthropology is a very enticing concept of anthropology because it does not only enable one to accept and appreciate cultural diversity but also develop globally conscious individuals. As mentioned earlier, this aspect of anthropology explicitly studies human cultures, belief, daily routine, values, ideas, technical economies and domains of social and cognitive organization (Lavenda-2010). There are two means by which an anthropologist can study culture due to its abstract nature; empiricist approach, whereby he mainly relies on observation of the human behavior in a particular community set-up and subjective approach in which the researcher understands the structure of ideas and meanings that exist in a member a certain culture. The primitive perception that I personally had about humanity has been scraped off as a result of the in-depth study of cultural anthropology. Individuals and communities were initially characterized by their social, economical and political factors within their localities. Evolutionism has showed a conceptual comprise due to the easy interaction of individuals as a result of the modern evolution of technology that has made every corner of the world accessible to any person. The level of interactions between individuals from a similar ecology niche has almost become non-existence due to the replacement with television programs, movies and social electronic devices. Despite this, the social interaction circle has grown larger as a result of technology which enables an individual interact with more people different from parts of the world over a short period of time. This study has personally helped me get over the notion that Muslims are associated with terrorism. I initially felt fear when I was in an environment filled with Muslims; well, not Muslims alone but any individual wearing a veil. This mostly applied to Muslim women that wear the veils covering up their faces, leaving out the eyes. I can attribute this fear from to the society I grew in; I was used to my Christian community before I came to campus. The laws and beliefs we had were so strict that we feared other dominions, this seclusion was driven into us by the clergy; to make us believe that people that had different beliefs and practices were potential risks and could harm us at any time. The primitive notion that was instilled in me always had a bearing to this question; if they are good people, why do they find it relevant to cover their faces that much? The definite answer was that they had something to hide; not only secrets but sinister motives. Religious profiling and the threats that came to our country and get aired on national television also cultivated the fear in me. It would have never reached this point if my parents would not have been reacting to the issue with so much disgust as they used to do. My elementary and high school environments were more or less the same because all my schooling up to university level were based in the same strictly Christian district. There were some primitive practices we used to do that I now see them to have been very hurting if not shameful to the face of evolution and humanity at large; there was no shaking of hands or exchanging pleasantries with non-Christians, no accepting gifts from them and worst still, avoid all conversations. I can’t imagine that I would literally snob them! I must admit that I had a tough time adjusting to the campus environment. I was always tensed in my first semesters when a non Christian would sit next t me. I remember a particular case when I came to a lecture late and found all seats occupied except one; next to Sikh, I literally missed that 2 hour lecture and had to struggle with my continuous assessment test. It is during that course that I made a turning point and my point was later boosted when I got to learn about anthropology. The struggle I had in my first continuous assessment test was the same one I had in the second. Ironically, the Sikh boy who I was evading was the same one that noticed my problem and came to help. At first I was adamant but with lack of options I thought; why not give it a try. I must admit that that is the sweetest memory I hold dear and use it to enlighten my rural folk later on. With that act of compassion I learnt that religion does or dress code does not define someone’s character. Study of anthropology has helped know the value that I hold about my culture and the justifications I give to the are the same ones that any other person would give in support to their religion and culture. It also taught me that judging or profiling others because f ethnicity and background is a heinous notion; if everyone was to discriminate then the world would be an unbearable place to stay. All we could be witnessing are endless fights and ultimate wars. Cultural anthropology thus, aims at enabling the native of a particular culture objectively and rationally understands their own culture to deduce what makes them stand out from the other cultural groups hence upholding the aspect of self acceptance. Besides, it enables one apply the knowledge gained from familiarizing with different cultures to alleviate human challenges and misconceptions rather than causing ethnic conflicts. The collective study of different cultures enables scholars to identify the similarities and unique aspect of various cultures, hence embracing diversity.References:Robert H LavendaCore concept in cultural anthropologyRobert H LavendaAnthropology: What does it mean to be human? How to cite Anthropology, Papers Anthropology Free Essays Since the term human in nonscientific and it is open to interpretation, many people have different views on it. We each individually define a human in a deferent manner. Some people might view modern humans as a species that Is superior to any other; others might view humans as not even belonging to the animal kingdom! In reality, we are the cousins of the apes! Fossil records have shown the slow evolution of apes to humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans to me are as much a part of the animal kingdom as a cat is. We may have some distinguished traits that other species might not have such as walking upright, our well-developed brains, and ability of speech but we are still primates. To me, a human is defined as many things. We are quite different than other primate. We were once considered as being an Incredibly unique animal but recent studies have shown that we share common traits with other primates. One very distinct trait that modern humans have is bipedal. Humans are able to walk very long distances walking upright It is our main locomotion. Bipedal has many advantages. It frees our fore limbs so we can do other tasks as we are walking. It also is an energy saver. It doesn’t require as much energy to walk as if we walked with all four limbs. Bipedal also helps triangulation. It dramatically reduces direct sun exposure and reduces heat loss. Another physical trait that humans have Is well-developed brains. Modern humans cranial capacity Is about 1350 c to 1400 c. We are able to solve problems, fulfill tasks and easily learn skills. Because of our large complex brains, it requires a slower development. We need a longer period for learning and for practicing. A long Juvenile period made humans more dependent on parents for a longer amount of time but it favors humans In the long run; It delays reproduction, which creates a longer life span. Modern humans are not only physically different from other primates but we are also behaviorally different. For survival It is essential for division of labor and food sharing. Without division of labor, tasks would be more difficult to master. In modern humans, women mainly forage, looking for plants and nuts meanwhile men mainly hunt. Food sharing and resource exchange is essential for human groups to survive. Men commonly share their resource findings with women and children. Modern humans highly rely on meats, gathered foods are Intermediate variance and garden foods are a low variance but they are certain to obtain. Chimpanzees are modern humans closest living relatives. Chimpanzees move quadrupled, they walk on both their fore limbs and their hind limbs, they are primarily knuckle walkers, due to the fact that their arms are much longer than their legs. They can also travel efficiently by fabricating through trees and branches. They also can walk bipedal for a short mount of time while carrying objects with their hands. Chimpanzee dental patterns are the same as modern human. Both have 2 Incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 human canines are similar size as rest of teeth and are in the row of teeth. Canine teeth are determined by sexual dimorphism meanwhile in humans it’s quite the same for both sexes. Chimpanzees have very thin tooth enamel and humans have thick tooth enamel. Chimpanzee hands are quite similar to those of humans. Both human and chimps hands include five digits, fingernails, friction ridges and opposable thumbs. Chimpanzee and human feet differ greatly. Chimpanzee toes are quite long. They have an opposable thumb which they can grab objects with. Meanwhile humans have much short toes, they do not have an opposable thumb, and toes are all aligned. Chimpanzees are Just as social as modern humans! Their social interactions are essential for the learning of the young. Chimpanzees live in small tight communities and are close to their relatives. Humans are very social! We interact with many of the other people we come in contact with. We each have our own little communities and we are close to our relatives. We learn from one another and without each other we do not learn. Fossil records have shown the evolution of humans from ancestors. Even though there are still many questions, it is undeniable that we have common ancestors with modern apes. Through fossil records, we have seen how slowly sexual dimorphism has decreased. We have also seen how quadruped primates evolved into walking bipedal about 6 million years ago. The first species I consider a human is Homo erects. Homo erects has many similar features as modern humans. Homo erects had a much more modern human lifestyle. This species showed a reduction of sexual dimorphism, it is thought that this caused less male-to-male competition. Homo erects had a larger body size compared to past ancestors. This species also had a very large brain compared to past ancestors; their cranial capacity was around coca to coca. Homo Erects infants were extremely dependent on parental care and had a rapid growth after birth and a slow maturation rate. Homo erects had a high reliance on hunting meat and had a high reliance on complex tools. It is thought that Homo erects might have also been able to control and use fire. All these traits are similar to modern humans and that is why I believe that Homo erects should be considered humans. Even though individually define what a human is to us. I believe that modern humans are a part of the animal kingdom as much as any other animal is. We share similar traits with many primates especially with our closest cousin the chimpanzees. I believe that Homo erects should be considered as humans, because we share many similar traits. From Homo Erects to chimpanzees to humans we all have very alike characteristics and we all are related in one way or another. How to cite Anthropology, Papers Anthropology Free Essays Cultural anthropologists investigate the culture and social organization of a particular group of people, colonization, traditions, and gender relations. 3. Linguistic Anthropology-Linguistic is a science of language. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Linguistic anthropology studies the process of human communication. It examines the relationship between language and other aspects of culture like ethnicity, social status and colonization. 4. Archeology-field of anthropology that examines the distribution and form of artifacts, and the cultural patterns or movement of ancient life. It aims to reconstruct man’s past behavior by studying sills and artifacts. Franz Boas-Father of American Anthropology. Early Beginnings of Culture and Society The present modern human being had evolved through natural mutation, normal variation, and natural selection. The evolution Is characterized by developments which occurred six million years or more ago, during the successive divisions of tertiary period. The period has five epochs: 1 . Pliocene-also known as â€Å"early recent† lasted around 65 million years ago. Marked by demise of dinosaurs, as well as existence of pre-primates like femur. . Eocene-lasted 30-45 million years ago. It is marked by warm tropical climates, along with the appearance of the order of mammals and provision-Like primates. Anthropoids appeared during this period. 3. Occurred like the appearance of elephants with trunks and early horses. 4. Miocene- lasted around 23 million years ago. Its landscape is marked by the development of two majo r ecosystems: kelp forest and grasslands. 5. Pliocene-lasted 5 million years ago. Characterized by cooling and drying of the global environment. These changes led to the further spread of grasslands and growth of savannas. Social Solidarity-members live and work together for mutual benefit. 2. National or Cultural Identity-members of society share a common culture which enables them to follow patterns of action for harmonious existence with others. 3. Language-members use common language to communicate with one another. 4. Hierarchical Resynchronization is an economic, social and industrial organization. 5. Large membership-it’s the largest social unit. Types of Society 1 . Hunting, fishing and gathering-earliest form of human society. People survived by researching gathering food and by small game of hunting wild animals. The division of labor was based on sex. The males were the hunters and the females participated in the shore fishing and gathering and preserving food. Woman likewise, were tasked with child care. 2. Horticultural Society-existed years ago. During these times, people began to plant and cultivate crops rather than Just harvest whatever nature provided them. 3. Pastoral Society-Depends on herding and domestication of animals for food and clothing. Animals provide milk, fuel, sheared fur and even blood. . Agricultural Society-existed about 5,000-6,000 years ago. The agricultural society is characterized by the use of plow and irrigation in production. Because of this, men became capable of producing huge surpluses. 5. Industrial Society-substitution from human and animal labor to mechanical, electrical, and fossil-fuel energy. 6. Post-industrial Society-depends on special knowledge to bring about co ntinuing progress in technology. The spread of computer industries is one of the characteristics of this society. Colombo, Millers P. Leans, Teresa C. Mere, Alicia T. Villain How to cite Anthropology, Papers

Psychological Experience of Prototyping †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Experience of Prototyping. Answer: Introduction In the world today, people have focused on applying entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to better their lives in terms of running their individual jobs. Many entrepreneurs are having difficulties in attracting customers and making huge profits. The worst thing is that Customers are running away from this supplier resulting in damages and loss of items. The solution lies in the field of design that has enabled people to be innovative and creative. This creativity aims at making them competitive in the market by making products different and of value to the customers (Adams, Daly, Mann, 2011). It also helps in finding solutions to problems. During my first lecture of the first week, we began by an introduction from students and lecturer. I was so keen to know more about the content of the unit. The lecturer introduced the unit and finally discussed entrepreneurship and design thinking basics. We covered the definition of design thinking and the differences between design and design thinking (see blog # 2). It was defined as a method used by entrepreneurs to solve clients problems and give them solutions. It is more focused on the solution than the problem itself. This helped me form a basis of what my expectation at the end of the unit. It also helped me as an entrepreneur to know the methods to use in solving clients problem. In addition, I had a problem capturing information since the lecture spoke in a low tone. This made me attend the next lesson prior to time so that I occupy the front seat next to the lecturer. The basics of design thinking are that it requires imagination, reasoning and exploring possibilities (A lves, Marques, Visser, 2006). This helped me to generate the desired outcome to the customer. Design thinking framework After the introduction, the next activity was to discuss design-thinking framework. We learned that this framework combines problem-solving with art and design approaches. This framework involves observation for discovery, identifying scope and opportunity of innovation. Generate ideas and opinions, testing and deciding solution see blog # 10). This framework will help me to understand and discover ways of innovation that will contribute to growth and value of my customers (Beckman Speer, 2006). The teacher asked to give a brief overview of what he has taught. He pointed at me and I gave the process correctly. In addition, I learned that listening carefully to what the teacher says is important since it will assist me to understand clients problem and solve it in the right way. In our next class activity, our lecturer taught us about innovation, the lecturer used a piece of A4 size paper to demonstrate design a birthday shape. He folded the paper from the Conner and glued the ends together. The outcome was a cone cape. Innovation is coming up with new methods of designing something (see blog # 4). We learned that Customers are to innovation for a company to succeed. Companies innovate in order to be more competitive and increase customers. From the activity, I discovered that the feedback clients give about the company is the basis for innovation (Blank Dorf, 2012). I learned that innovations that companies make, either cause market success or market failure. Involving customers in innovation is very important. This is because customers form the backbone of the organization. These customers buy our goods and services depending on their needs. These needs should satisfy them and if not satisfied they give feedback through the complaint (Alves, Marques, Visser, 2006). From the activity, I realized how important customers are and that as a future manager of a company I need not ignore those complaints but instead they should help them improve and correct the mistake.it is clear that those complains forms the basis for innovation. Challenges of innovation in business In the process of designing and innovating new products in the market, the existing products face challenges. After companies launch new products and services in the market, they ignore and forget about the old product. When users of such products come, they find that the product they need is of low quality or is missing in the shelves (see blog 4). Many at times they get irritated and decide to move to the next merchants thus reducing the volume of their clients (Beckman Speer, 2006). Many entrepreneurs are having difficulties in attracting customers and making huge profits. The worst thing is that Customers are running away from this supplier resulting in damages and loss of items. From this lesson, I learned that as much as the companies introduce new products in the market, they should not ignore or discontinue old products for the sake of retaining loyal customers (Brown, 2009). This will help me to offer customer satisfaction in a way that meets their requirements. Product development in the market needs creativity (Brown, Design thinking. ,2008). Creativity involves skills and knowledge to design a new product. Design thinking provides entrepreneurs with concepts, methods, and tools to be creative (see blog # 5). Any success of the company involves customers. They are involved when they purchase products. The process of development involves uncovering opportunities, generating ideas, experimenting and finally applying the idea. I learned that design process involves divergent and convergent thinking in order to come up with appealing methods for the benefit of the company. Through this, I will be able to generate multiple choices and selecting from the choices. From this activity, I learned that people have various design thinking in one particular thing and everyone view things differently concerning similar things (Doorley Witthoft, 2012). This differences in ideas lead to solving different needs depending on the nature of the business. We learned that product promotion is making a product known to the customers. When organizations want to launch a new product they do it through marketing advertisements. Visual and graphics are the use of pictures and drawings to represent certain information. Through design thinking, we come up with appealing pictures and wordings that attract customers (see blog # 6). I learned that for organizations to advertise their products, they should employ few words with many pictures in order to catch the attention of people. Many customers use pictures more than words to enhance their understanding. From the activity, I learned how to explain an idea using a drawing. This will help me to generate solutions by receiving other peoples feedback. For any communication to be complete, feedback from customers will help correct our problems. These solutions are identified through design thinking (Dorst, 2011). Design thinking will help me learn more on problem-solving, customer development, creativity, and teamwork and product solution. It helps students to embrace their creative confidence. Therefore using design-thinking principles on entrepreneurship will help me meet their goals. This activity involves defining what a journey map is and who uses it. We defined as a visual representation of customer experience.it shows how customers interact with business or brand product through different channels known as touchpoints (see blog # 7). Any information from the customer to the organization portal or website to make the purchase is a touch point. This helps businesses to track and understand customer habits (Liedtka, 2000). Analysing these touch points helps me to understand why, how and when clients visit and engage with products. In addition, it helps in making VDD based on the experience of the customer. They may include understanding clients behavior, feelings, and thoughts across the journey. This will help me ensure customers needs and goals are made. I also learned the importance of journey mapping as a design tool. This tool contains information about the challenges we face as an organization. Knowing the problem will prepare managers to identify the possible issues they may encounter towards the journey to a successful life (Farrell Hooker, 2011). Principles of design thinking The next activity we learned about principles of design thinking. This is guidelines to follow when designing something they involve explore, assess, build prototypes and find new ideas. This topic will help me to explore the issue in varying perspectives to determine whether being focused on the issue (see blog # 3). After assessing ideas I will be able to find the right solution. This shows how design thinking follows a predetermined guide to reach a solution Design thinking is used by many professionals. It helps eLearning professionals, organizations, individuals and learners to perform their duties. Through design thinking users of the internet are able to design applications on their phones, institutions portal to enable customers to solve their problems easily and faster (see blog # 10). Schools have been able to design students and staff portal to enable them to manage their activities. Students now days are able to online exam interact with lecturers online. They also use social media platforms for communication and socialization. It is a solution to most challenges. This helped me to know how design thinking in eLearning benefit can be used to integrate instructions and develop a future process in achieving performance. I learned that in any organization there are challenges that the company or an individual face. For us to identify the problem we have to ask the client about how they have benefited from the problem. There are several ways of identifying a problem from the organization or customer. These include survey, use a questionnaire or face to face interview. In our case face to face, the interview is preferred because it will enable us to generate immediate feedback and solution (see blog # 10). I noticed that individual interview would help managers find problems in some products by asking users. Interview questions are part of design thinking for product assessment to gather more information about the problem as well getting responses from the respondents (Gerber Carroll , 2012). We need to seek opinions and suggest new ideas to solve and improve the problem. Many of us are surprised by the story clients to give (Alves, Marques, Visser, 2006). We generated the effects of the application to the owner. From the lesson to my surprise the task revealed the real problem and solutions many of us do. The effects, solutions, and feedback will help us find solutions in order to improve on our activities in the organization (Liedtka, 2014). Design thinking and communication Communication involves passing information from one group to another. It involves the sender, receiver, feedback, and message. For information to reach the receiver there has to be a channel through which information passes. For communication to be complete, the receiver has to send feedback. Poor channels of communication may result in misunderstanding of the message (see blog # 3). Interpretation and understanding of message will help in passing the correct message. One can pass information in pictorial representation in relation to what he wants to pass using design thinking. From this activity, I learned the importance of communication channel in a large group. It is difficult to give the right solution when the problem is misunderstood (Beckman Speer, 2006). I learned why I should follow instruction while passing information from one group to another. In addition, I discovered why I should ask for clarity and feedback in order to pass message in the correct manner in whichever circumstance not only in the unit. This will help me to give the right solution to the problem at hand. In the activity of presentation, communication applied whereby each and every group member speak in the classroom and another person writes on the board. This taught me listening and confidence in passing information (see blog #12). As part of the sessions activity, we must be able to apply the knowledge of design thinking in real life situations. It is clear that sometimes the organization may not realize their weaknesses but through the customers, they find issues and correct them. If you are a manager you can ask clients how they find the company and using their feedback you can build on the strategies for improvement (see blog # 11). We used at least 10 designs techniques to elaborate the concept. Of development, mind mapping, journey mapping, visualization, brainstorming, prototyping, value chain analysis, and test assumptions were used. During the class, we presented various problems and their solutions using design tool. I noticed that students have good ideas and must make use of them to make innovative products in order to be competitive in the market (Brown, 2009). This motivated me and prepared me for the future concerning my career as a management design student. From the activity, I learned many thi ngs including preparation for a good product development, applications of design tools on different problems, how to manage clients in terms of time specification. Conclusion The design is linked to future improvements based on building up ideas. The objective of design thinking course was to help me as an entrepreneur design better products through innovation. The purpose was to help in personal and organizational development. Through problem stages of problem identification, I will be able to use the design thinking to help me to develop an innovative and practical solution to problems. Through the end of the course, I will be able to develop an understanding of the important phases and approaches in design thinking and learn how to implement new skills and knowledge in career and personal life. This will help me in building an effective solution to the problem. For one to be innovative he or she needs to use design thinking to brainstorm the idea. The process of design thinking will help me to extract, learn, teach and apply the techniques in solving issues in an innovative and creative way. This shows how design thinking helps designers, employees, ma nagers, and freelancers to do their activities. For entrepreneurs I suggest: We teach staff on design thinking to help influence the culture of any start-up business and in the field of business.it will help them to learn how to get out of problems within a short period. It gives a basis for understanding users. The design thinking approaches used is observation and empathy. It will entrepreneurs reflect on customers behaviour which will help them solve managerial issues in future. Design thinking is user-friendly. It involves understanding motivations and needs. It requires teamwork. This will help entrepreneurs to learn and get new ideas. Design thinking is an important tool to strategy development and business changes. Therefore, making use of design thinking process will affect the whole country in terms of growth and customer satisfaction. References Adams, R., Daly, S. R., Mann, L. M. (2011). A professional: Three lenses into design thinking, acting and being. Design Studies, Chicago. Alves, J., Marques, M. J., Visser, M. (2006). Stimulation of creativity and innovation in a small multidisciplinary NPD team. Paper presented at the RD Management Conference. Taiwan.: Taipei Hsinchu, Beckman, S., Speer, L. (2006). Learning about design: Observations from ten years of new product development class projects. America: Industrial Designers Society of America. Blank , S., Dorf, B. (2012). The startup owner's manual: The step-by-step guide to building a great company. Pescadero: CA: KS Ranch. Brown, T. (2008, 06 23). Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, pp. 85-92. Brown, T. (2009). Change by design: How design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. New York: NY. Doorley, S., Witthoft, S. (2012). Make space: How to set the stage for creative collaboration. Hoboken, NJ: John Whiley Sons. Dorst, K. (2011). The core of design thinking and its application. Design Studies, 521-532. Farrell, R., Hooker, C. (2011). Design, science, and wicked problems. Design Studies. NJ. Gerber, E., Carroll , M. (2012). The psychological experience of prototyping. Design Studies, NJ. Liedtka, J. (2000, 06 34). In defense of strategy as design. California Management Review, p. 45. Liedtka, J. (2014). Perspective: Linking design thinking with innovation outcomes through cognitive bias reduction bias reduction. Journal of Product Innovation Managment, 925.

To Kill a Mockingbird- Literary Essay free essay sample

To Kill a Mockingbird Literary Essay Kaylin Molnar March 1, 2013 Block D One of the things we learn as kids is to look at life through another’s perspective, which in the book is a very prominent factor as to how Jem and Scout see other people in Maycomb County. Throughout the book Atticus teaches the kids allot about life, but the one thing he emphasizes the most is to consider things from another’s point of view. Harper Lee integrated many life lessons into To Kill a Mockingbird but the one that stood out the most to me you had to see life through anothers eyes to fully understand them. This plays a huge part in how events in the book play out and how Jem and Scout act towards people in Maycomb County. Atticus giving Scout advice changed her opinion of people in many different ways. The first person Scout sees differently was Mis Caroline. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird- Literary Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Scout comes home from school she is frustrated as to why Miss Caroline did not support her in the fact she could read. Atticus illustrates to her that you never really understand a person until you consider things from [her] point of view(30). She then realizes that Miss Caroline is new in the town and does not quite understand it yet. Atticus also helps Scout see that Bob Ewell and Mayella Ewell hate Atticus because he made a fool of both of them in front of the whole town in court. By the end of the book Scout understands that she has to see life through anothers point of view to understand them fully. Harper Lee combined plenty of life lessons that were ultimately meant to mean something deeper. The underlying message about seeing life from anothers point of view is that most people have a good heart if you see and understand things from their viewpoint. Harper Lee exemplifies this from these quotes when they finally saw him, why he hadnt done any of those things Atticus, he was real nice (281), and Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them. (281). These quotes were when I fully understood Harper Lees underlying message about seeing things from anothers viewpoint. Jem is a very bright, stable headed ten year old boy but the one struggle he had in the book was when people in Maycomb insulted Atticus, calling him a nigger lover, saying he was disgracing family. While the Tom Robinson case is playing out, Jem has to deal with all the name calling and accusations, but with Atticuss help he handles it very well by looking at it from anothers point of view. When Atticus had to protect Tom Robinson at the town jail Jem feared for Atticuss life so Scout, Jem, and Dill went looking for him. When they found him Scout made Walter Cunningham stand in [Atticuss] shoes for a minute(173), which made Walter see what he was putting Atticus through. By Scout showing Walter Atticuss viewpoint, Walter called off his men which ultimately saved Atticuss life. To Kill a Mockingbird incorporates many ways of saying look at life through anothers eyes. This moral is repeated many times and used to make Jem and Scout understand the people of Maycomb. Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it(30) is the first and most influential use of the moral. Harper Lees inspirational and classic American literature novel, To Kill a Mockingbird wouldnt have been possible without the life lessons she so brilliantly integrated into it.

Rogers1 essays

Rogers1 essays Drawing from our experiances with formal education , we have come to agree with Rogers to some degree, but also disagree with some of the points that he made concerning freedom in the classroom. There are many components of the theory that would be helpful to the learning process of the student. Rogers believed that the student should be faced with a real problem that holds some meaning and relevance for him/her. (Rogers According to Rogers, teachers are very responsible in the creation of the students inner freedom. Teachers must have many qualities that will allow for self actualization. First, the teacher has to gain confidence in his/her students so that the he/she can allow for freedom in the classroom without feeling that the situation would get out of control. Second, the teacher must be real. (Rogers s thoughts and opinions, even if they are not perfect. And last, the teacher must show empathy towards the students fellings. Each of these components allow for inner freedom, helping the student to believe in him/herself. Although we believe that these components do have their place in the classroom, we began to lose confidence in the thoery when looking at the last two facilitating components of inner freedom. According to Rogers, there is no need for any type of structure in the classroom. His theory did not include room for lesson plans, organized lectures, homework assignments, tests, or grades. All students should be allowed freedom in the classroom, but only to a certain extent. ...

Discuss the matter of single women who have children and no partners Essay

Discuss the matter of single women who have children and no partners simply take advantage of the welfare benefits, should addit - Essay Example This has become a burden on the working nation who has to pay huge taxes to support the unemployed. There people who are of the view that people who are under welfare should not have children . This is because if the working population make effort in planning the size of their families why should those that rely on welfare not do the same (Daguerre & Nativel, 2006: 412)? This article discusses whether single mothers take advantage of the welfare money and what steps can be taken to address these issues. The history of the welfare Programs in America American has created welfare programs aimed at helping people who are economically disadvantaged in the society. Some of the contemporary program in place today include the women, infant and children (WIC), Medicaid and aid to family with dependent children (AFDC) programs. The creation of these program started a long time when American was still a British colony. The British colony has created the poor laws that were used to distinguish those people who were unable work because they were physically challenged or old and those who had no jobs but were able bodies. The formers would be given assistance in form of cash and the latter would be given employment in the workhouse as public servants. Before the onset of the great depression, the government had created a pension scheme to assist war veterans and their families. This is because the men in the US army were the hardest hit by poverty because as they raged in battles, the other civilians were busy amassing wealth. When they came back home, they had no means to support themselves and the remuneration they got from the government was not enough to support them and their families. The great depression hit the American economy very hard. It left about have of the population unemployed. The government had to intervene to salvage the situation. The first welfare programs were developed by the former president Roosevelt in 1935 which were the Aid to dependent Children and unemployment compensation which are still in place today. These were created under the Social security Act that was created in the same year. Several government agencies were also developed to oversee the implementation of these programs (Mittelstadt, 2005: 130). These include the Department of Housing and Urban Development, department of education, department of agriculture and the department of healthcare and human services. In 1996, former president Bill Clinton authorized the Personal Responsibility and work reconciliation act. This allows the government to give a certain amount of money to the state mandated to be used in assisting the poor. Are the Single Mothers without Partners taking Advantage of the welfare programs? In addressing this area, president Barrack Obama is of the view that some of the welfare programs increase dependency. He says that some of the programs that have been developed in the past have been designed in the wrong way encouraging dependency. He sa id that having government in a poor neighborhood, he has observed how these programs have made people complacent in their way f live. They are not motivated to upgrade their skills or even get a college education. I totally agree with him. It is not wrong to help the poor in the society especially the women and children who happen to be the hardest hit by poverty. However, the government needs to not only provide the fish to

Markteing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markteing - Essay Example For the purpose, it is essential that the company chosen has various after-sales practises like that of warranties and post-sale service among others. The reasons why Nike is one of the most preferred brands throughout the various customer segments all across the globe can be undermined below. In brief, it can be said that the group has really leveraged the various motivational theories to form itself a strong brand of preference. The group has successfully served all the categories that effects consumer buying decision process as follows: Personal – The various factors that include with in the purview of the personal factors are like that of age, gender, race and etc. Nike has successfully catered all these points. It has its products for both the genders and almost for all the age groups that are associated with various sporting events. Psychological – The psychological factor of the consumer behaviour has many sub-factors included in it like motives, perception, knowledge and ability, personality and attitudes. It can be referred without much doubt that Nike has really met and exceeded all the psychological factors. With extensive research and development in its various products, it has gained the required knowledge and ability and aligned itself with the motivation of the athletes of performing better. Today, Nike has been a name in lifestyle and so has the required positive perception from the customers throughout the world. Social – The consumers and the prospective customers are often influenced by various external factors which can be clubbed together under the social factors. It includes the opinion leaders, influences and role played by families, culture and sub-culture, social class and the reference groups. In the modern world of tremendous competition, the onus lies on the corporate to utilise these social factors in the best way it can in its favour. And Nike has really done it commendably. The fact that the company

International Business in Emerging Markets Essay - 1

International Business in Emerging Markets - Essay Example An automobile is basically regarded as a vehicle having wheels and carrying its own engine. The previous names given to an automobile were "horseless carriage" and "motor car" where motor was to denote an engine. The behaviour or making an automobile work is entitled as driving. Every automobile consists of a seat for driver and at least another seat for the passenger (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). Mainly automobiles are designed for travelling on roads but there are some automobiles which permit people to drive "off-road." Basically an automobile is made up of "internal combustion engine" but as years passed, "hybrid cars powered by gas-electric hybrid engines" penetrate the market. A typical automobile consists of four wheels, though three-wheeled automobiles were also made but did not gain much popularity due to constancy purpose (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). "Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered, and then electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. In the 1890s, ethanol was the first fuel used by cars in the U.S. In 1919, alcohol Prohibition destroyed corn-alcohol stills which many farmers used to make low cost ethanol fuel. Later on gasoline and diesel engines were implemented." (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/) The p... the United States but also the first "amphibious vehicle." It was called amphibious vehicle because it could be operated on wheels on land and with a paddle in the water. Amongst the initial environmental modernizations were the substitute fuels for the "internal combustion engine." Nowadays, "methanol and ethanol are used as petrol extenders" in several countries, mainly in Australia and United States. Every year more than a million people die in automobile accidents and around 50 million people get injured in such accidents. There are several chief reasons of these accidents, including "inattentive driving, reckless driving, road hazards etc." Even after skilled progresses, the deaths occurring as a result of automobile accidents are still high. Around 40,000 people die every year in United States as a result of such accidents, and the number of deaths keeps increasing year by year (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). Brief Introduction on Telecommunication Telecommunication is the "transmission of signals" above a distance for the intention of "communication." These days, this procedure includes propelling "electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters", whereas during previous days, this procedure comprised of using "smoke signals, drums or semaphores." Telecommunication has gained much popularity nowadays and devices enhancing this procedure are television, radio and telephone. Computer communication is also done on internet through e-mail and instant messaging, setting up examples of telecommunication. The fundamental factors of a telecommunication are: "A transmitter that takes information and concerts it to a signal for transmission." "A transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted." "A receiver that receives and converts the signal

Iran: Healthcare, Education and Culture

Iran: Healthcare, Education and Culture Comparative and international Family Research demonstration project Cultural issues related to families are quite dissimilar in various countries. United States and Islamic republic of Iran exhibit great cultural diversity. Iran in known is known in United States for its for its vast supply of oil. It is a fact beyond obvious perception that Iranian and American Culture are witnessed to be in the midst of a â€Å"culture clash† with perceived difference in values; this has lead to great confrontations and tension. â€Å"Irans glory has always been its culture† (Frye, 2005), Is a quote that portrays the inherent relationship between people and their culture, this as had a immense effect in family setup. The family within the Iranian culture is a very autonomous aspect of their culture, heavily based on male dominance contrary with the Americans were women can live autonomously without a mans authority. Irrespective of this, Iranians as well as Americans equally treasure their exclusive and intricate cultural identity, whether its the Ira nians intrinsic values of Islamic religion, gender roles and family importance or Americas unique marriage taboos depicts the importance of culture alike (COMM 325 Iran, 2007). From both perspectives, we must examine the impact of religion, education, housing and geographical location among others to understand their family structure and cultural issues. Housing and Geographical location Iran is a country in south-west Asia. It is located at the southern shores of Caspian Sea, bordering the republic of Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Turkmenistan to the north, Turkey, Iraq, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to the west, and to the east is Pakistan and Afghanistan (Tavassoli, 2002). Its the 18th largest country in the world with an area of 1,648,195km2 having an estimate population of 74 million people. Its a country with diverse landscapes varying from flat lands to deserts and from mountains to plateaus. It holds two mountain chains, the Alborz Mountains to the northand the Zagross to the south-west. This makes Irans land of true beauty and magnificence (Tavassoli, 2002). It further has a massive volcanic peak called Damavand located along the Alborz mountain ranges (Neff, 2006). In additions, its a home to two impassible barrier deserts called ‘Daht e Kavir and ‘Dasht e Lut. With this king of environment, the spatial characteristic o f traditional Iranian houses reflects natural, geographical and cultural needs. One important aspect is adaptation to the harsh climate most notable on the central parts of the country. Houses are constructed of Adobe and brick with unique fabled artistic and deep heritage architecture while in the United States; houses are made of stones and blocks (Harvey, 2005). Education Iranian education system is divided into five cycles namely, pre-school, primary, middle or guidance, secondary and post-secondary education. Elementary education is mandatory under the countrys constitution but due to high number of applicants for post-secondary educations, admission to these institutions is based on a nation-wide examination, giving a opportunity only to the most talented and bright students. All these levels of study enjoy free education, private schools and universities too do exist but allowed by law to charge tuition fees. Demand for post secondary education far much exceeds supply with only 27% of all applicants being admitted. (MCHE, 2009), approximately 50% of the Irans population is under the age of 25; hence quite difficult for the government to provide proper education for all (MCHE, 2009). Students at the two phases of primary and middle/guidance education are required to do a national and regional exam as compulsory for continuation. This does not apply in the United States. The literacy rates stand at 76.9% (UNESCO, 2009). Religions Islam is the religion of up to 98% of Iranians with approximately 90% being the Shia and 8% being Sunni. Other minorities make up 2% of the remaining non- Muslims. In Iran, divine law in the unique source of legitimacy and the unique interpreter of divine law is the spiritual leader. Any interpretations by the spiritual leader are not questionable. Furthermore, religion played a key role in the lifestyle of Iranians. Frey (2004) states that, issues such as polygamy were highly regulated by the Islam custom, where the religion permitted a man to have as many wives as possible. The religious law too supports the sanctifying of the family in diverse ways, defining conditions for divorce, inheritance and guardianship. These have had an impact in the entire family structure and ways of living. Issues of religious freedom are yet to be achieved with non-Muslims being discriminated and harassed. Conversion too from Islam is punishable to death. This is quite contrary to the United States we re there is freedom of worship and change of religion. Atheists have their own rights too, and peoples lifestyle seems not to be influence much by religion (Frey, 2004). Socio-cultural beliefs and values Before revolution, the Iranian society practiced segregation of sexes. Men dominated the family and subjected women to hardship in the name of culture. Mostafavi, Mehryar and Agha (2006), argued that â€Å"mens beliefs family planning is the responsibility of women has reduced their likelihood of their participation in family planning activities† (Mostafavi, Mehryar Agha, 2006, p.78). This means that men could not be keen at all on such issues of family planning at the expense of their wives. This is quite similar with the American culture in the fifties where, women where being taught to be housewives failure to which they were being despised.FRD (2004) further re-affirmed that, â€Å"Women generally practiced use of chador (or veil) when in public or when males not related to them were in the house. In traditional view, an ideal society was one in which women were confined to the home, where they performed the various domestic tasks associated with managing a household and rearing children. Men worked in public sphere, that is, in the fields, factories, bazaars and offices. Deviation from this ideal, especially in the case of women, tended to reflect adversely upon the reputation of the family† (p.147) An individual with no family ties has little importance and status in the larger society. Only if a person does something disgusting to Islam can such ties be detached. Even though the culture is strict in the roles of women, westernization has eroded some of these old values. Among these ideas are; women being involved in the public world such as education and labor force (FRD, 2004). In addition, the word ‘household had a quite different connotation than it is for the American culture. While for the Americans it refers to the actual structure were the family unit resides, the Iranian culture describes it has the cooperation and relationship between man and the woman (COMM 325, 2007). The family is quite autonomous heavily based on male supremacy. Even if the oldest member is the grandfather, father or son, they have the right to be in charge of the household. Polygamy is also practiced highly and enshrined in the Islamic law. This too is quite different with the United States where polygamy is hardly practiced. Another complex cultural practiced which is highly termed as a taboo in the United States is marriages within the family context and the process of choosing marriage partner. Reliance on family members to choose a spouse for one of their own for marriage is still quite prevalent in Iran (COMM 325, 2007). Marrying a close relative is termed incest in the United States and is heavily prohibited. As much these two cultures are geographically far away, and with such sharp difference in culture, they too have some relationship in common, just like Iranians, Americans still value the importance of the family set up. This is much portrayed by the politicians where they are highly influenced by the wider family in their quest for political ambitions in the United States. The perception of women in both cultures is still eminent. Although w omen enjoy freedom and little influence from men, there still exist notable hierarchal differences with male dominance on the top in almost all aspect. For example, men generally are still paid more and reside in plush places than women (COMM 325, 2007). Sociopolitical systems and structures The political system in Iran is quite peculiar; this is much attributed by the fact that the state is an institution of divine will, where the divine law is the unique source of legitimacy and political authority. The depository and unique interpreter of divine law is the spiritual leader whose religious jurisprudence is given to be in charge of all aspects of political society. The spiritual leader exercises his control over the judiciary, the army, the police, the radio and also over the president and parliament; institutions elected by the people (Fidh, 2003). This clearly depicts the Islamic ideology in the political framework of Iran, hence a theocratic republic. This is quite different from the American system were the religion is autonomous and has no direct link with the federal political system of governance (Iran Year Book, 1996). Iran has three branches of government with the executive being headed by the supreme leader as the head of s tat e and present as t he head of government and council ministers whereas in the United states executive consists of the president who is both the head of state and government and delegates. Both countries share four year term of re-electing leaders with most of the top organ leaders holding electoral offices (UNESCO, 2009). Economics Iran is the second largest oil producer among OPEC member countries and it is the leading export commodity in the country. Agricultural products too such as wheat, rice etc contributes 10.4% of the GDP. The GDP stands at $852.6 billion and growth rate stands at 6.2% contrary to that of the United States GDP of$ 14.441 trillion and growth rate of 0.4% in 2008. The per capita income lies at $12,300 with an unemployment rate of 12.1%. Total exports amounted to $76.5 billion in 2008, 80% being from petroleum (UNESCO, 2009).These figures are quite insignificant compared with $1.283 trillion worth of export from the United States with a per capita income of $47,422 in 2008. The urban status has enjoyed lots of economic mobility due many opportunities emerging from government bureaucracies and revolutionary organization compared to the rural dwellers. Imports stood at $61.3 billion much being of industrial raw materials and military supplies (US Department of State, 2008). Access and utilization of health care The largest healthcare system is run and managed by the Ministry of health and Medical Education. It is charged responsibility to regulate and oversee healthcare system. However, access and availability of health care is limited particularly in provinces where figures indicate lower prevalence of diseases compared with nationwide figures. The government has also established low cost clinics to care for the law income. Able people mostly in the large cities of Tehran and Isfahan use private hospitals which charge heavy bills. This has boosted the Life expectancy of Iranian which stood at 70.8 years in 2008 with every citizen entitled to basic health care offered at subsidized rates by the government. In the United States, healthcare system lies on the private hands with a view government hospitals (UNESCO, 2009). Food, dietary habits and body image Several Iranian dishes originated from the Greeks, Arabs, Turks and Russians. This happened in the midst of human civilization through invasions. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. A typical Iranian meal is often a heaping plate of rice spiced with greens (Spencer, 1997). About 6% of population of Iran is undernourished according to World Bank. This means they do not receive adequate nutrition. Of children too under the age of five, 16% are underweight and about 19% are stunted. This explains the nutrient deficiency in their diet. Stable food for Unites States is wheat and wheat product but their diet is much blended coffee, tea, fruit juices and cereals. They are quite accessible to balanced diets with low cases of nutrient deficiency (Spencer, 1997). Technology and mass media Iran still has limited media freedom in dissemination of information with the government being in control. The administration too is yet to allow the internet to be a public forum with government involvement in filtering the internet. Several cases of harassment and closure of internet cafes in Tehran with g rounds of no permits and promoting immorality but it became apparent that the closure was due to Iranians use internet to make low cost international calls making the ministry of Post Telegraph and Telephone lose significant revenues (Washington post, 29th September 2006). With such frustrations, Iranians remain tangled with their culture with limited use of technology equipments in their households. A big contradiction exists with the United States where internet access is accessible by majority of the population without filtration by the government (Spencer, 1997). Conclusion Cultural issues related to families in Iran, is much affected by their religion. Through such studies of their cultural differences, it has helped to better understand one another and fully appreciate what we share in common and make sense of our perceived differences. This kind of understanding, help clear perceptions of hostilities and appreciate our fascinating cultures. Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl: Analysis Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl: Analysis Lamb to the Slaughter is a wound, holding story of Mary Maloney, who kills her own particular spouse by hitting him with a solidified leg of lamb and after that concealing her wrongdoing and discarding the proof by encouraging the lamb to the policemen who come to examine the murder. This sharp story is created down to the littlest detail; each word and expression suggests something, frequently has a moment significance thus controls the perusers feeling. The component that makes this story significantly all the more intriguing, is that it is composed from the killers perspective, while the conclusion of the creator is still obvious. Roald Dahl adequately built up the hero both specifically and in a roundabout way; however the utilization the suspense is more overwhelming in light of the fact that it uncovers and clarifies Mary Malloneys activities. Roald Dahl utilizes the long, short sentences and dynamic wording to make strain,anticipation and suspense with a wide range of systems. Roald Dahl effectively used long sentences to make a rundown of dreadful or stressing points of interest, which makes a mind-boggling, claustrophobic or serious feeling. Mary Maloney is the primary character of the story, a character that Dahl goes to considerable lengths to build up deliberately toward the start of this breathtaking short story. Mary is obviously a committed spouse to her significant other, Patrick. Dahl sets aside opportunity to clarify her care for Patrick. What this representation plainly does not set us up for is the situational irony that comes when Mary slaughters her Patrick. At that point, Mary Maloney simply walked up behind him and without any pause, swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could. Mary has a sudden change of temper and feeling. We see her go from an enthusiastic, mindful and delicate lady to this imprudent, frightening and vindictive character. The suspense gradually develops when the begin of man y inquiries rises. The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped bring her out of shock. She came out slowly, feeling cold and surprised The descriptive language and the long sentence utilized as a part of the content genuinely includes a great deal of anticipation by building up the dreadful climate of the house and the feelings going through Marys mind leaving us holding our breaths and imploring that the house does not turn into a crime scene. She carried the meat into the kitchen, placed it on the pan, turned the oven on high, and shoved it inside. In this quote we are likewise given a great measure of detail in this long sentence to put accentuation and help foretell what will later on occur in the story; the meat getting eaten. Roald Dahl used long sentences that were utilized to slow a description down and to make a feeling of unwinding or time dragging later on adding to the suspense. Roald Dahl utilizes exact words to help foretell diverse occasions in the story that make suspence. When the clock hit ten minutes to five, she began to listen, and a few moments later, punctually as always. With the use of the word punctual we are in a path put into a condition of suspense where we are not sure anymore if he will come back knowing the frightening title. Close to the beginning of the story,Mary is extremely possessive of her life partner. The feeling however was not circulated to Mary. Hullo Darling Perceiving how Patrick is not demonstrating the affection this shows the condition of anticipation and pressure amongst Mary and Patrick and again helping us foretell what may happen later on .In conclusion, the use of the words imagine and visionized help with the suspenceful part of the story knowing Marys incautious practices. Her first instinct was to not believe any of it, to reject it all. It occured to her that she imagined or visualized Adding on, Roald Dahl used different words to improve the depiction and general state of mind, and help create the suspense and foreshadowing of the story. Roald Dahl used short sentences give us a dread, since we do not expect them for some time. It gives short sentences a startling quality, which is truly valuable for making suspense. The ending of the story definitely was made to keep the reader at the edge of his chair and to kick with suspense. Mary began to giggle This quote expands on the dramatic conclusion that is assume to leaves in a condition of stun knowing her arrangement and guile payed off. This keeps on building suspense with the impact of not knowing whether the police will genuinely uncover the puzzle of Patricks passing. Through the story we see the change in heart of Mary and her impulsive actions and thoughts taking over her. It made no difference to her. This quote genuinely speaks to how Mary will battle through anything to escape inconvenience. It demonstrates to us how as it were, she is frail for experiencing the greater part of this only because of her significant other leaving The anticipation begins to dev elop when we are not sure if the cops will fall into her trap or not. The lamb turns out to be a significant symbol in the sotry. A leg of lamb. This quote introduces the main symbol of the story which in a way create suspense due to the entitlement of the story. Roald Dahl used short sentences to the create shape isnt common. They stop. Out of the blue. It feels distracted. It is meant to keep the state of tension and suspense. All things considered, it is apparent that suspense and tension are made in the short story The lamb to the slaughter The author utilized long and short sentences and significant words t as a method for making the sought environment, and prevail with regards to accomplishing his point. However there are contrasts in which this making of frightfulness and tension are organized inside these stories. Taking everything into account, the story gives a stunning and anticipation encounter through various strategies and systems.

Pesticides: Feeding the World Essay -- Farming Food Science Papers

Pesticides: Feeding the World Every day, new worries arise concerning over-population and the future of earth. People are afraid of starvation and endemic diseases. The problem with present food production is not of land shortage, but of yields too low to feed a doubled world population. Plant geneticists are creating hybrid plants that have higher yields and more resistance to unwanted and harmful organisms. Even with the new plants, pesticides must be applied to reap the hybrid's full potential. What follows is some common misconceptions about pesticides and their use. Humans ingest about 10,000 times more naturally occurring pesticides than they do man-made ones. In fact, the risk you expose yourself to by drinking a daily glass of apple juice from fruit treated with the pesticide Alar is 58 times less than the hazard of consuming natural carcinogens in one mushroom. Pesticide residues remain only on the surface of produce. They are not absorbed by fruits or vegetables. Rinsing with clear running water will remove most of any trace residues. Organic food growers often use pesticides derived from natural sources to protect their crops. Many man-made pesticides are less toxic than naturally-occurring ones. Without the availability of crop protection products, it is estimated that current world fruit and vegetable production would decline by as much as 40% and fruit and vegetable prices would increase by up to 70% (Crop Protection Institute, 1997). Even with today's technology , food production would be considerably lower and the number of individuals suffering from malnutrition would be dramatically increased if pesticides were not used. Changes in Farming Farming has changed and advanced incredibly in the last tw... ...Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (1997). The Pros and Cons of Pesticides [Online]. Available: http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/epb/factsheets/pesticides/pro_con.html [1997, September 28]. Avery, Dennis T. (1995, June). How Pesticides Help Prevent Cancer. Consumers' Research Magazine, pp. 11-12. Byrd, John D. Jr., Ph.D., David R. Shaw, Eric P. Webster (1997). PesticidesBenefits and Risks [Online]. http://www.ces.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1962.htm [1997, October 7]. Crop Protection Institute. (1997). Facts & History of Pesticides [Online]. http://www.cropro.org/history.html [9/16/97]. Hastings, John. (1993, September). Do Pesticides on Fruits and Vegetables Threaten Children?. Health, p. 12. Riviere, Jim E. (1994, August 8). Stop Worrying and Eat Your Salad. Newsweek, p. 8. Spencer, Leslie. (1993, October 25). Ban All Plants-They Pollute. Forbes, pp. 104-108.